FINAL EXAMINATION FOR ENGLISH FOR SPECIAL PURPOSE

Name : Diskha Ayu Audina
NIM : RSA1C311015
Subject : English for Special Purpose

TASK 1
1. I believe all of you have seen Ferris Wheel. Ferris Wheel is moves in circle. when the is Ferris Wheel at maximum height, then EK is 0.and while the Ferris Wheel its lowest point, then EK is maximum.
Every moving object has energy. The energy possessed by a moving object is called kinetic energy. In short, kinetic energy is energy that is resulted when an object moves.
There are two kinds of energy kinetic, they are:
* Translation kinetic
Translational kinetic energy is the energy possessed by a moving object on a straight track
* Rotation kinetic.
While the translational kinetic energy is the energy possessed by objects moving in a straight line, the rotational kinetic energy is the energy possessed by objects that perform the rotary motion

every moving body must have kinetic energy. kinetic energy possessed by the rotating object is called kinetic energy of rotation, the amount of kinetic energy can be derived from the following translation:
KE = 1/2 mv^2
the rotational kinetic energy formula KE = 1/2 I〖ω 〗^2
problems:
a Ferris Wheel have diameter 3 m with a moment of inertia of 120 kg m^2 rotates with a speed of 0.5 rps. What is the kinetic energy?

Solution:
Known: I= 120 kg m^2
ω = 0,5 rps= 0,5 (2π) rad/s= π rad/s
answer :
EK= 1/2 I〖ω 〗^2
= 1/2 120 kg m^2 . π rad/s
= 60 π Joule

so the conclusion is the kinetic energy is the energy that belongs to an object that is moving.
Specifically, the kinetic energy is the energy that belongs to a body of mass m is moving with a speed of v for translation kinetic energy. In rotation kinetic energy that belongs of moment of inertia I and speed of ω

TASK 2

2.The pendulum is an object tied to a string and can swing freely and periodic basis the work of an ancient wall clock that has a swing.
The period of a pendulum swing is determined by the length of the pendulum, the force of gravity and amplitude. The period does not depend on the mass of the pendulum. If the amplitude of the swing is limited by the small, simple pendulum period T, the time required for one cycle
in this Experiment. fricttion force of air is ignored

Purpose: measuring the gravity
Tools and materials :
In these experiments, the equipment and materials used are as following.
1. Ruler
2. Protractor
3. Stopwatch
4. Load
5. Hook
6. Thread
7. Pedestal table
Procedure:
1. Measure the length of rope L
2. Give the maximum deviation 50
3. Measure the time required for the pendulum to reach 10 periods
4. Repeat the above steps for 10 different lengths of the thread.

TASK 3

3. Electrical current is defined as charges which flows from the highest potential positive chargest tnto the lowest. electrical current is propertional to the amount of charge that flows in a conductor and inversly to the time.

PROBLEM:
within 2 minutes a charge of 60 C flows through a conductor , whhat is the current that flows during those 2 minutes?

SOLUTION:
as we know, the formula is the electrical current is proportional with the charge and inversly with time.
SO : I=q/t
I= 60/120

if there is the situation where charge is 60 colomb and the time current takes to flow through the conductor is 120 second. the electrical current is resulted by dividing the charge with the time. the answer to the roblem above is,0,5 ampere

TASK 4
4. The sound is a form of wave propagation phenomenon density and strain-. Thus, the sound is a longitudinal wave. In propagation, sound needs a medium. Medium for propagation in the form of gas, liquid, or solid. There are 3 possible causes sound:
1. Reflecting sound waves
Why in the concert hall posted silencer?
To avoid resonance, then in theaters or concert hall walls are lined by a substance or substances silencer soundproof. Substance soundproof used are wool, cotton, or cardboard. In a concert hall music, silencer shaped plates hanging on the ceiling to eliminate resonance.
2. Refraction of sound waves.
Why at night the sound of thunder louder than the day?
During the day, the air in the upper layers colder than the lower layer. the propagation of sound in cold temperatures is smaller than the heat. So, during the day, the sound of thunder travels from upper layer of the atmosphere leading to lower air layer will be refracted away from the normal line. at night, the air in the lower layer of the air cooler the upper layer. so that, the speed of sound on the bottom layer is smaller than in the upper layer. refraction sound of thunder approaching normal lines at night is what causes thunder sounded louder .
3. Diffraction of sound waves.
Sound waves are very susceptible to diffraction. That is why we can hear the sound of a car engine before the street corner even though we have not seen the car because it obstructed by a tall building on the edge of the corner.
Why sound waves having diffraction?
Sound waves in the air has a wavelength in the range of a few centimeters to several meters. That is the reason why the sound waves very easily difraction

Heels VS Flat shoes

have you ever see the woman using High heels or Flat shoes? what the different from the both? let's see the pictutes

woman using High heels

woman using flat shoes from the picture, can you see the different between two shoes? and can you tell me why high heels when walking on the ground will make a hole? anybody knows? well, the physics consept about the heels and flat shoes is "PRESSURE". there are three kind of pressure: 1. Pressure in Solid 2. Pressure in Liquid 3. Pressure in Gas but, now I'll tell about Pressure in Solid. as we know, Pressure is the force acting on the object divided by the surface area of ​​the field in which that style works. Mathematically it can be written:

well, from that formula we can calculating something. for example: if there are 2 kind of shoes, the first shoes have area 10 m^2 and the flat shoes have 30 m^2 and have the same force is 100 N. so which one have the big pressure? Solution:

F= 100 N A1= 10 m^2 A2= 30 m^2 P=100/10 = 10 pa p=100/30 = 3.33 pa so, the big pressure is high heels. why high heels? because it has The small wide and have big force too. that;s why, when a woman walking in the ground using high heels, the land whereon by women will holey. and when women using flat shoes walking in the park. the land whereon she no holes. so can you take a conclusion from this matery? conclusions about the pressure on the solids as follows: Pressure is proportional with force and inversely with Area

Pressure in Solid

If a nail and an equal mass of marble we drop, do you know why a nail give deeper hole than a marbel if dropped from the same height? Well, this time we will learn about the pressure on solids. How to calculate the amount of pressure on solids and what are the affects the amount of pressure on solids? Pressure is the force acting on the object divided by the surface area of ​​the field in which that style works. Mathematically it can be written:

P = Pressure (N / mТВ) F = Force press (N) A = area of ​​the field (mТВ) Pressure unit in the International System (SI) is N / mТВ, this unit is also called the pascal (Pa). 1 Pa = 1 N / mТВ In order to better understand the pressure on the solid material, consider the following sample questions: Problem 1: Consider the following picture!

If each block has the same weight, which is 12 N, beams Which gives greater emphasis to the floor? Balock 1

A = 30 cm x 10 cm = 300 cm² = 0,03 m²

P = 400 N/m² Balock II

A = 20 cm x 10 cm = 200 cm² = 0,02 m²

P = 600 N/m² Well, from the example problems can we can take conclusions about the pressure on the solids as follows: Pressure is proportional with force and inversely with Area

Thus, now you can explain why a nail gives a deeper hole than the a marble if dropped from the same height??

Magnetic Field Characteristics

Magnetic Field In and Around a Bar Magnet

As discussed previously, a magnetic field is a change in energy within a volume of space. The magnetic field surrounding a bar magnet can be seen in the magnetograph below. A magnetograph can be created by placing a piece of paper over a magnet and sprinkling the paper with iron filings. The particles align themselves with the lines of magnetic force produced by the magnet. The magnetic lines of force show where the magnetic field exits the material at one pole and reenters the material at another pole along the length of the magnet. It should be noted that the magnetic lines of force exist in three dimensions but are only seen in two dimensions in the image.

It can be seen in the magnetograph that there are poles all along the length of the magnet but that the poles are concentrated at the ends of the magnet. The area where the exit poles are concentrated is called the magnet's north pole and the area where the entrance poles are concentrated is called the magnet's south pole.

Magnetic Fields in and around Horseshoe and Ring Magnets

Magnets come in a variety of shapes and one of the more common is the horseshoe (U) magnet. The horseshoe magnet has north and south poles just like a bar magnet but the magnet is curved so the poles lie in the same plane. The magnetic lines of force flow from pole to pole just like in the bar magnet. However, since the poles are located closer together and a more direct path exists for the lines of flux to travel between the poles, the magnetic field is concentrated between the poles.

If a bar magnet was placed across the end of a horseshoe magnet or if a magnet was formed in the shape of a ring, the lines of magnetic force would not even need to enter the air. The value of such a magnet where the magnetic field is completely contained with the material probably has limited use. However, it is important to understand that the magnetic field can flow in loop within a material

General Properties of Magnetic Lines of Force

Magnetic lines of force have a number of important properties, which include:

• They seek the path of least resistance between opposite magnetic poles. In a single bar magnet as shown to the right, they attempt to form closed loops from pole to pole.
• They never cross one another.
• They all have the same strength.
• Their density decreases (they spread out) when they move from an area of higher permeability to an area of lower permeability.
• Their density decreases with increasing distance from the poles.
• They are considered to have direction as if flowing, though no actual movement occurs.
• They flow from the south pole to the north pole within a material and north pole to south pole in air.

Make a Battery from Potato

Batteries generate electricity through a chemical reaction between two different electrodes and one electrolyte. Use of Copper and Zinc electrodes and Sulfuric acid as electrolyte is a proven method for this process. We are wondering if we can use any other liquid as electrolyte? This gave us the idea of using a potato as electrolyte. After all a fresh potato has a lot of juice that may serve our purpose as electrolyte.

Problem:

Can Potato be used to generate electricity?

Hypothesis:

Potato juice contains many water soluble chemicals that may cause a chemical reaction with one or both of our electrodes. So we may get some electricity from that.

Material:

For this experiment we use:

• A fresh potato
• Copper Electrode
• Zinc Electrode
• A Digital or Analog Multimeter to measure Voltage or Current of produced electricity.
• Alligator clips/ Leads

Procedure:

We insert copper and zinc electrodes in to the potato, close but not touching each other. We use Clip leads to connect our electrodes to the Multimeter to measure voltage between two electrodes or current passing through the multimeter. For this experiment we removed the shell of a broken AA battery for our Zinc electrode. (Make sure to test your multimeter by connecting its Positive and Negative wires to each other that should show no current and no voltage).

A digital multimeter showed 1.2 volts between the electrodes, but the analog multimeter showed a much smaller value. In other words even though the voltage between electrodes is 1.2 Volts, the speed of production of electricity is not high enough for an analog multimeter to show the exact voltage. (Analog multimeter gets its power from our potato to show the voltage, but digital Multimeter gets its power from an internal battery and does not consume any of the electricity produced by our potato, that is why it shows a larger and more accurate value).

We repeated this experiment with some other fruits and all resulted almost the same. In all cases the produced voltage is between 1 and 1.5 volts, and in all cases they do not produce enough current to turn on a small light 

Another thing that we learned from this experiment is that creating electricity and making a battery is easy, the main challenge is producing a battery that can continue to produce larger amount of electricity for larger amount of time 

By connecting multiple potato batteries you can make enough electricity to light-up a super bright light emitting diode (Included in the kit).

Dengerous of Smoking

If you smoke, giving up is probably the greatest single step you can take to improve your health. Seven out of ten smokers say that they want to stop, but most believe they can't. However, half of all smokers eventually manage to stop smoking.

Smoking is the biggest cause of death and illness in the UK. More than 120,000 people die each year from diseases caused by smoking.

Smoking is a major contributor to many serious diseases, such as heart disease and lung cancer.  

Tobacco in cigarettes, cigars and pipe tobacco, contains poisons such as ammonia, acetone, carbon monoxide, cyanide and arsenic. Altogether, cigarettes can often contain over 4000 chemicals.

FACTS

1. Smoking increases your risk of getting lung diseases like pneumonia, emphysema and chronic bronchitis.
2. Smokers are twice as likely to die from heart attacks as are non-smokers.
3. Every year, about 3,000 non-smoking adults die of lung cancer as a result of breathing secondhand smoke.
4. Every year, between 200,000 and one million asthmatic kids suffer from increasingly severe asthma attacks due to secondhand smoke.
5. Women over 35 who smoke and use birth control pills have a higher risk of heart attack, stroke, and blood clots of the legs.

It is important that you stop smoking because you want to. Write down your reasons, and keep the list to hand over the next few months. Think of the benefits: less coughing, cleaner clothes, better breathing (for you and your friends and family), more money, and a lower risk of developing smoking-related illnesses.

When you have decided to stop, make a plan:

• choose a day to quit; ask family and friends for their support
• plan a reward for the end of your first day, and the end of the first week, and the first month
• and the day before, get rid of cigarettes, ashtrays and lighters

You could also talk to your doctor or pharmacist about nicotine replacement therapy. Used properly, these products can double the success rate of stopping smoking.

Triple point

In physics and chemistry, the triple point of a substance is the temperature and pressure at which three phases (gas, liquid, and solid) of that substance may coexist in thermodynamic equilibrium.

Tripel point is The temperature and pressure at which a substance can exist in equilibrium in the liquid, solid, and gaseous states. The triple point of pure water is at 0.01 degrees Celsius and 4.58 millimeters of mercury and is used to calibrate thermometers.

Triple point is the intersection on a phase diagram where three phases coexist in equilibrium. The most important application of triple point is water , where the three-phase equilibrium point consists of ice, liquid, and vapor. Before discussing triple point further, a basic understanding of the lines from Figure 1, the phase diagram of water, are first considered. 

For example like fridge. In fridge there are three condition. Ice, steam and water (gas, liquid, and solid) . So fridge is an example for triple point.